Funds Investing

UNDERLYING IS A CREDIT SPREAD ON A REFERENCE OBLIGATION

When the underlying for a credit spread option is the credit spread for a reference obligation over a referenced benchmark, then the payoff of a call and a put option are as follows:

Credit spread call option:

payoff =

(credit spread at exercise — strike credit spread) x notional amount x risk factor

Credit spread put option:

payoff =

(strike credit spread — credit spread at exercise) x notional amount x risk factor

The strike credit spread (in decimal form) is fixed at the outset of the option. The credit spread at exercise (in decimal form) is the credit spread over a referenced benchmark at the exercise date.

The risk factor is equal to

risk factor = 10,000 x percentage price change for 1-basis-point change in rates for the reference obligation Read the rest of this entry »

A credit spread option is an option whose value/payoff depends on the change in credit spread for a reference obligation. It is critical in discussing credit spread options to define what the underlying is. The underlining can be either

1. a reference obligation, which is a credit-risky bond with a fixed credit spread, or
2. the level of the credit spread for a reference obligation

UNDERLYING IS A REFERENCE OBLIGATION WITH A FIXED CREDIT SPREAD

When the underlying is a reference obligation with a fixed credit spread, then a credit spread option is defined as follows:

Credit spread put option: An option that grants the option buyer the right, but not the obligation, to sell a reference obligation at a price that is determined by a strike credit spread over a referenced benchmark. Read the rest of this entry »

Here we review some of the terminology used in the swaps market and explain how swaps are quoted. The date that the counterparties commit to the swap is called the trade date. The date that the swap begins accruing interest is called the effective date, and the date that the swap stops accruing interest is called the maturity date.

Although our illustrations assume that the timing of the cash flows for both the fixed-rate payer and floating-rate payer will be the same, this is rarely the case in a swap. In fact, an agreement may call for the fixed-rate payer to make payments annually but the floating-rate payer to make payments more frequently (semiannually or quarterly). Also, the way in which interest accrues on each leg of the transaction differs, because there are several day-count conventions in the fixed-income markets. Read the rest of this entry »